Ukubola kweMisebe kunye namanyathelo okhuseleko

Ukuzinza kwenucleus kunokufezekiswa ngokukhupha iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeesuntswana okanye amaza, okubangela iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokubola kwe-radioactive kunye nokuveliswa kwemitha ye-ionizing. Iisuntswana ze-Alpha, iisuntswana ze-beta, imisebe ye-gamma, kunye nee-neutron ziphakathi kweentlobo ezibonwa rhoqo. Ukubola kwe-Alpha kubandakanya ukukhululwa kweesuntswana ezinzima, ezine-positive charged yi-nuclei ebolayo ukuze kufumaneke uzinzo olukhulu. Ezi suntswana azikwazi ukungena eluswini kwaye zihlala zivalwe ngempumelelo liphepha elinye.

Ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwee-particles okanye amaza akhutshwa yi-nucleus ukuze azinze, kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokubola kwe-radioactive okukhokelela kwi-ionizing radiation. Ezona ntlobo zixhaphakileyo zii-alpha particles, ii-beta particles, ii-gamma rays kunye nee-neutrons.

Imitha ye-Alpha

Ngexesha lemitha ye-alpha, iinuclei ezibolayo zikhupha amasuntswana anzima, atshajiweyo kakuhle ukuze zifikelele ekuzinzeni okukhulu. La masuntswana ngokubanzi awakwazi ukudlula eluswini ukuze enze ingozi kwaye adla ngokuthintelwa ngempumelelo ngokusebenzisa iphepha elinye kuphela.

Nangona kunjalo, ukuba izinto ezikhupha i-alpha zingena emzimbeni ngokuphefumla, ngokuginya, okanye ngokusela, zinokuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo izicwili zangaphakathi, nto leyo enokubangela ingozi empilweni. Umzekelo wento ebola ngamasuntswana e-alpha yi-Americium-241, esetyenziswa kwizixhobo zokubhaqa umsi kwihlabathi liphela.

Imitha ye-Beta

Ngexesha le-beta radiation, ii-nuclei zikhupha amasuntswana amancinci (ii-electron), angena kakhulu kunee-alpha particles kwaye anokukwazi ukunqumla uluhlu lwe-1-2 centimeters zamanzi, kuxhomekeka kwinqanaba lamandla azo. Ngokwesiqhelo, iphepha elincinci le-aluminium elilinganisa iimilimitha ezimbalwa ubukhulu linokuthintela ngempumelelo i-beta radiation.

Imisebe yeGamma

Imitha yeGamma, enokusetyenziswa okubanzi kuquka unyango lomhlaza, ikwicandelo lemitha ye-electromagnetic, efana ne-X-rays. Nangona eminye imitha yeGamma inokunqumla umzimba womntu ngaphandle kwemiphumo, eminye inokufunxwa kwaye inokubangela ingozi. Iindonga zekhonkrithi ezityebileyo okanye zelothe ziyakwazi ukunciphisa umngcipheko onxulunyaniswa nemitha yeGamma ngokunciphisa amandla azo, yiyo loo nto amagumbi onyango kwizibhedlele ezenzelwe izigulane ezinomhlaza akhiwe ngodonga oluqinileyo kangaka.

Ii-neutron

Ii-neutron, njengeziqwenga ezinzima kwaye ziyinxenye ephambili ye-nucleus, zinokuveliswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, ezifana nee-reactor zenyukliya okanye ii-reaction zenyukliya ezibangelwa ziziqwenga ezinamandla aphezulu kwi-accelerator beams. Ezi neutrons zisebenza njengomthombo ophawulekayo wemitha engathanga ngqo ye-ionizing.

Iindlela Zokulwa Nokuchatshazelwa Yimitha

Ezintathu zezona migaqo zisisiseko nezilula ukuzilandela zokukhusela imitha zezi: Ixesha, Umgama, Ukukhusela.

Ixesha

Idosi yemitha eqokelelwe ngumsebenzi wemitha iyanda ngokunxulumene ngqo nexesha lokuba kufutshane nomthombo wemitha. Ixesha elincinci elichithwa kufutshane nomthombo libangela idosi yemitha ephantsi. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukwanda kwexesha elichithwa kwintsimi yemitha kukhokelela kwidosi yemitha enkulu efunyenweyo. Ke ngoko, ukunciphisa ixesha elichithwa kuyo nayiphi na intsimi yemitha kunciphisa ukuvezwa kwemitha.

Umgama

Ukuphucula ukwahlukana phakathi komntu nomthombo wemitha kubonakala kuyindlela esebenzayo yokunciphisa ukuvezwa kwimitha. Njengoko umgama ukusuka kumthombo wemitha ukhula, inqanaba lethamo lemitha liyehla kakhulu. Ukunciphisa ukusondela kumthombo wemitha kusebenza ngokukodwa ekunciphiseni ukuvezwa kwimitha ngexesha leenkqubo ze-radiography eziphathwayo kunye ne-fluoroscopy. Ukuncipha kokuvezwa kunokulinganiswa kusetyenziswa umthetho wesikwere esichaseneyo, ochaza unxibelelwano phakathi komgama kunye nobunzulu bemitha. Lo mthetho uthi ubunzulu bemitha kumgama othile ukusuka kumthombo wenqaku bunxulumene ngokuphambeneyo nesikwere somgama.

Ukukhusela

Ukuba ukugcina umgama ophezulu kunye nexesha elincinci akuqinisekisi ukuba kukho idosi ephantsi ngokwaneleyo yemitha, kuya kufuneka kusetyenziswe isikhuselo esisebenzayo ukuze kuncitshiswe ngokwaneleyo umqadi wemitha. Izinto ezisetyenziselwa ukunciphisa imitha zaziwa njengekhaka, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwalo kunceda ekunciphiseni ukuvezwa kwizigulana nakuluntu ngokubanzi.

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