Ukubola kweRadioactive kunye namanyathelo okuQaphela

Ukuzinza kwe-nucleus kunokufezekiswa ngokukhutshwa kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zamasuntswana okanye amaza, okukhokelela kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zokubola kwe-radioactive kunye nokuveliswa kwemitha ye-ionizing. Amasuntswana e-Alpha, amasuntswana e-beta, imitha ye-gamma, kunye ne-neutron ziphakathi kwezona ntlobo zibonwa rhoqo.Ukubola kwe-Alpha kubandakanya ukukhutshwa kwamasuntswana anzima, ahlawulwe kakuhle yi-nuclei ebolayo ukuze ufumane uzinzo olukhulu. Ezi ngqungquthela azikwazi ukungena kwesikhumba kwaye zihlala zivaliwe ngokufanelekileyo kwiphepha elilodwa lephepha.

Kuxhomekeka kuhlobo lwamasuntswana okanye amaza akhutshwa yinucleus ukuze izinze, kukho iintlobo ngeentlobo zokubola kweradioactive ekhokelela kwimitha ye-ionizing. Ezona ntlobo zixhaphakileyo ngamasuntswana e-alpha, amasuntswana e-beta, imitha ye-gamma kunye ne-neutron.

Alpha radiation

Ngexesha le-alpha radiation, i-nuclei ehamba ukubola ikhupha amasuntswana anzima, ahlawulwe ngokufanelekileyo ukuze kuzuze uzinzo olukhulu. La masuntswana ngokuqhelekileyo akakwazi ukudlula eluswini ukuze enze ingozi kwaye anokuthi ngokufuthi athintelwe ngokufanelekileyo ngokusetyenziswa kwephepha nje elinye.

Nangona kunjalo, ukuba i-alpha-emitting substances ingena emzimbeni ngokuphefumla, ukusela, okanye ukusela, zinokuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo izihlunu zangaphakathi, ezinokuthi zibangele ingozi empilweni. .

Imitha yeBeta

Ngexesha lemitha ye-beta, i-nuclei ikhupha amasuntswana amancinci (i-electron), angena ngaphezu kwamasuntswana e-alpha kwaye abe nokukwazi ukunqumla uluhlu lwe-1-2 yeesentimitha zamanzi, ngokuxhomekeke kwinqanaba lamandla abo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, icwecwe elicekethekileyo le-aluminiyam elilinganisa iimilimitha ezimbalwa ngobukhulu linokuthintela ngokufanelekileyo ukusasazeka kwemitha ye-beta.

Imitha yeGamma

Imitha ye-Gamma, enoluhlu olubanzi losetyenziso olubandakanya unyango lomhlaza, yodidi lwemitha ye-electromagnetic radiation, efana ne-X-reyi. Ngelixa imitha ye-gamma ethile inokunqumla emzimbeni womntu ngaphandle kwemiphumo, eminye inokufunxa kwaye inokubangela ukwenzakala. Ikhonkrithi eshinyeneyo okanye iindonga ezikhokelayo ziyakwazi ukunciphisa umngcipheko ohambelana nemitha ye-gamma ngokunciphisa ukuqina kwayo, yiyo loo nto amagumbi onyango kwizibhedlele ezenzelwe abaguli abanomhlaza akhiwa ngeendonga ezomelele ngolo hlobo.

Iineutron

I-Neutron, njengamasuntswana anzima kunye namacandelo aphambili e-nucleus, inokuveliswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, ezifana ne-reactors yenyukliya okanye i-reactors yenyukliya ebangelwa ngamasuntswana anamandla aphezulu kwimiqadi ye-accelerator. Ezi neutron zisebenza njengomthombo ophawulekayo wemitha ye-ionizing ngokungangqalanga.

Iindlela zokuNchasa ukuVela kwimitha

Ezintathu zezona migaqo zisisiseko nekulula ukuzilandela zokhuselo lwemitha zezi: Ixesha, Umgama, ukuKhusela.

Ixesha

Ithamo lokusasazeka ngemitha eliye laqokelelwa ngumsebenzi wokusasazeka ngemitha liyenyuka ngokunxulumene ngqo nobude bexesha lokuba kufutshane nomthombo wokusasazeka kwemitha. Ixesha elincinane elichithwe kufutshane nomthombo likhokelela kwithamo lemitha eliphantsi. Ngokuchasene noko, ukonyuka kwexesha elichithwe kwibala lokusasazeka kwemitha kukhokelela kwithamo elikhulu lemitha elifunyenweyo. Ke ngoko, ukunciphisa ixesha elichithwe kulo naliphi na ibala lokusasazeka kwemitha kunciphisa ukuba sesichengeni ngemitha.

Umgama

Ukuphucula ukwahlukana phakathi komntu kunye nomthombo wokusasazeka kwemitha kubonisa ukuba yindlela efanelekileyo yokunciphisa ukuvezwa kwemitha. Njengoko umgama osuka kumthombo wokusasazeka ngemitha ukhula, inqanaba lethamo lemitha yemitha liyehla kakhulu. Ukunciphisa ukuba kufutshane nomthombo wokusasazeka kwemitha kusebenza ngokukodwa ekuthinteleni ukuba sesichengeni ngemitha yemitha ngexesha lerediyografi eshukumayo kunye neenkqubo zefluoroscopy. Ukuncipha kokuvezwa kunokulinganiswa kusetyenziswa umthetho wesikweri ochaseneyo, ochaza umdibaniso phakathi komgama kunye nobunzulu bemitha. Lo mthetho ugxininisa ukuba ubunzulu bemitha yemitha kumgama ochaziweyo ukusuka kwindawo yomthombo bunxulumene ngokungafaniyo nesikwere somgama.

Ukukhusela

Ukuba ukugcinwa komgama omde kunye nexesha elincinci akuqinisekisi idosi yemitha ephantsi ngokwaneleyo, kuyafuneka ukuphumeza ukhuselo olusebenzayo ukuthomalalisa ngokwaneleyo umqa wemitha. Izinto ezisetyenziselwa ukuthomalalisa i-radiation yaziwa njengekhaka, kwaye ukuphunyezwa kwayo kunceda ukunciphisa ukuvezwa kwezigulana kunye noluntu ngokubanzi.

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